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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Cudworth offers: "Born at Aller, Somerset, he was educated at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, gaining his MA and becoming a Fellow of Emmanuel in 1639.[1] In 1645, he became master of Clare Hall and professor of Hebrew. In 1654, he transferred to Christ's College, Cambridge, and was master there until his death. His great work, entitled The True Intellectual System of the Universe, was published in 1678. He was a leading opponent of Thomas Hobbes.
"He was the son of Dr Ralph Cudworth (d. 1624), rector of Aller, formerly fellow of Emmanuel College, Cambridge. His father died in 1624, and his mother then married the Rev. Dr Stoughton, who gave the boy a good home education. Cudworth was sent to his father's college, was elected fellow in 1639, and became a successful tutor. In 1642 he published A Discourse concerning the true Notion of the Lord's Supper, and a tract entitled The Union of Christ and the Church. In 1645 he was appointed master of Clare Hall and the same year was elected Regius professor of Hebrew. He was now recognized as a leader among the remarkable group known as the Cambridge Platonists. The whole party were more or less in sympathy with the Commonwealth, and Cudworth was consulted by John Thurloe, Cromwell's secretary to the council of state, in regard to university and government appointments.
"In 1650 he was presented to the college living of North Cadbury, Somerset. From the diary of his friend John Worthington we learn that Cudworth was nearly compelled, through poverty, to leave the university, but in 1654 he was elected master of Christ's College, whereupon he married. In 1662 he was presented to the rectory of Ashwell, Herts. In 1665 he almost quarrelled with his fellow-Platonist, Henry More, because the latter had written an ethical work which Cudworth feared would interfere with his own long-contemplated treatise on the same subject. To avoid clashing, More brought out his book, the Enchiridion ethicum, in Latin; Cudworth's never appeared. Cudworth was installed prebendary of Gloucester in 1678. He died on the 26th of June 1688, and was buried in the chapel of Christ's. His only surviving child, Damaris, a devout and talented woman, became the second wife of Sir Francis Masham. The Lady Masham was distinguished as the friend of John Locke and exchanged letters with Gottfried Leibniz.
"His sermons, such as that preached before the House of Commons, on 31 March 1647, advocate principles of religious toleration and charity. In 1678 he published The True Intellectual System of the Universe: the first part, wherein all the reason and philosophy of atheism is confuted and its impossibility demonstrated (imprimatur dated 1671). No more was published, perhaps because of the theological clamour raised against this first part. Much of Cudworth's work still remains in manuscript; A Treatise concerning eternal and immutable Morality was published in 1731; and A Treatise of Freewill, edited by John Allen, in 1838; both are connected with the design of his magnum opus, the Intellectual System.
"The Intellectual System arose, so its author tells us, out of a discourse refuting 'fatal necessity,' or determinism. Enlarging his plan, he proposed to prove three matters:
(a) the existence of God;
(b) the naturalness of moral distinctions; and
(c) the reality of human freedom.
"These three together make up the intellectual (as opposed to the physical) system of the universe; and they are opposed respectively by three false principles, atheism, religious fatalism which refers all moral distinctions to the will of God, and thirdly the fatalism of the ancient Stoics, who recognized God and yet identified Him with nature. The immense fragment dealing with atheism is all that was published by its author. Cudworth criticizes two main forms of materialistic atheism, the atomic, adopted by Democritus, Epicurus and Hobbes; and the hylozoic, attributed to Strato of Lampsacus, which explains everything by the supposition of an inward self-organizing life in matter. Atomic atheism is by far the more important, if only because Hobbes, the great antagonist whom Cudworth always has in view, is supposed to have held it. It arises out of the combination of two principles, neither of which is atheistic taken separately, i.e. atomism and corporealism, or the doctrine that nothing exists but body. The example of Stoicism, as Cudworth points out, shows that corporealism may be theistic.
"Into the history of atomism Cudworth plunges with vast erudition. It is, in its purely physical application, a theory that he fully accepts; he holds that it was taught by Pythagoras, Empedocles, and in fact, nearly all the ancient philosophers, and was only perverted to atheism by Democritus. It was first invented, he believes, before the Trojan war, by a Sidonian thinker named Moschus or Mochus, who is identical with the Moses of the Old Testament. In dealing with atheism Cudworth's method is to marshal the atheistic arguments elaborately, so elaborately that Dryden remarked 'he has raised such objections against the being of a God and Providence that many think he has not answered them'; then in his last chapter, which by itself is as long as an ordinary treatise, he confutes them with all the reasons that his reading could supply. A subordinate matter in the book that attracted much attention at the time is the conception of the 'Plastic Medium,' which is a mere revival of Plato's 'World-Soul,' and is meant to explain the existence and laws of nature without referring all to the direct operation of God. It occasioned a long-drawn controversy between Pierre Bayle and Le Clerc, the former maintaining, the latter denying, that the Plastic Medium is really favourable to atheism.
"A much more favourable judgment must be given upon the short Treatise on eternal and immutable Morality, which deserves to be read by those who are interested in the historical development of British moral philosophy. It is an answer to Hobbes's famous doctrine that moral distinctions are created by the state, an answer from the standpoint of Platonism. Just as knowledge contains a permanent intelligible element over and above the flux of sense-impressions, so there exist eternal and immutable ideas of morality. Cudworth's ideas, like Plato's, have 'a constant and never-failing entity of their own,' such as we see in geometrical figures; but, unlike Plato's, they exist in the mind of God, whence they are communicated to finite understandings. Hence 'it is evident that wisdom, knowledge and understanding are eternal and self-subsistent things, superior to matter and all sensible beings, and independent upon them'; and so also are moral good and evil. At this point Cudworth stops; he does not attempt to give any list of Moral Ideas. It is, indeed, the cardinal weakness of this form of intuitionism that no satisfactory list can be given and that no moral principles have the 'constant and never-failing entity,' or the definiteness, of the concepts of geometry. Henry More, in his Enchiridion ethicum, attempts to enumerate the 'noemata moralia'; but, so far from being self-evident, most of his moral axioms are open to serious controversy."
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_Elijah MCKEEHAN _____________|
| (1767 - 1838) m 1796 |
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_John MCKEEHAN ________|
| (1798 - 1878) m 1830 |
| | _Hans Jarich CLAUSER _
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| | _Johannes CLAUSER ________|______________________
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| | _Johannes (George) CLOUSER ___________|
| | | (1743 - 1818) m 1763 |
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| |_Elizabeth KLAUSER ___________|
| (1773 - 1859) m 1796 |
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|--Francis Marion MCKEEHAN
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| _Jacob LUPFER ________________________|
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| | (1760 - 1846) m 1789 |
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(1809 - 1880) m 1830 |
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| _Michael (Sr). LOY ___________________|
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|_Maria Elizabeth Barbara LOY _|
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Find A Grave memorial 19003431 offers:
"Obit: (added by Bill Corl)
This community was greatly shocked on Sunday afternoon to learn of the sudden death of Captain Francis Marion McKeehan, of Centre Township. Before starting for Bloomfield to attend Sabbath school services in the Reformed church, he complained of a headache, but he thought it might wear off. He was unable to teach his class saying to the member he could not think. With two sons he started for home; when they had driven about a mile his son, William, noticed his head falling back. He sprang to his assistance, and with his brother, lifted him out of the carriage and carried him into the house of William Garlin. Dr. A.R. Johnson, of Bloomfield, was immediatly summoned, but the spark of life had fled before medical aid could reach him. His death was caused by apoplexy.
In early manhood Mr. McKeenan joined the Bloomfield Reformed church. He has ever been a consistant member, foremost in every good work. For many years he has been an elder, and was constantly kept in office-none performing the duties conscientiously and well. By his death Trinity Reformed Church has met an irreparable loss - in truth a pillar has fallen.
Of broad learning and wide reading, Capt. McKeehan was often sent to represent the Bloomfield charge in the ecclesiastical bodies of the church and frequently called upon to represent his fellow citizens in various capacities. In matters of agriculture he was a recognized authority, and at the time of his death was a member of the State Board of Agriculture and had frequently been appointed by Gov. Pattison to representive positions upon committees dealing with agricultural matters.
In politics Capt. McKeehan was a staunch Republican, firmly believing in and strongly upholding the doctrines of his party. Other than district offices he never held political position, but in late years his name had been frequently mentioned in connection with important civic honors.
Capt. McKeehan entered the service in defense of the Union on September 2, 1864, as Captain of Company E, 208th Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers. He led his company through the Rebel hail of shot and shell to retake Fort Stedman. It tried the nerves of the stoutest heart, but the men of the 208th followed their fearless Captain and a glorious victory was achieved. Again in the battles in front of Petersburg, Virginia, Captain McKeehan led his men into the thickest of the fray. In this last engagement his company lost twelve men in killed and wounded. He was greatly respected by his company and his fellow officers.
As a soldier, as a citizen - in all the walks of life -Captain McKeehan did his duty fearlessly and conscientiously. His name was a synonym for honesty and integrity. By his death this community and country at large - even the state - has lost one of the best citizens. The writer has in him a life-long friend, and his death is felt as a personal loss.
He leaves a wife, seven sons, five daughters, seven sisters, and two brothers to mourn his sudden demise. The deceased was born in the month of October,1833,and was in his 61st year.
Funeral services were held at the late residence of the deceased, in Centre Township. Interment in the old graveyard in Bloomfield.
From "The People's Advocate & Press", March 28, 1894
Additional information courtesy of Denis Brandt:
The son of John & Margaret Ann (Lupfer) McKeehan, he married Margaret Ann Bealor and fathered Harry Hayes (b. 06/18/56), Samuel Kuhn (b. 04/14/58), Mary Bella (b. 12/09/59 - married Edward B. Whitcomb and Edwin Forrest Greenleaf-Hudson), Lincoln Scott (b. 07/17/61), Alilia Cora (b. 04/23/63 - married Francis Minich), Curtin Grant (b. @1865), Kathy Florence (b. 10/31/66 - married Emory Young), William Colliflower (b. 03/02/69), Anna Lucretia (b. 03/25/71 - married Samuel Clay), Addie Corinne (b. 03/25/73 - married William H. Horting), John Arthur (b. 08/15/76), and Don Oscar (b. 03/31/80). In 1860, he was a farmer living in Centre Township, Perry County, Pennsylvania, and stood 5' 6" tall with black hair and blue eyes.
A Civil War veteran, he enlisted in August 1864, mustered into federal service at Harrisburg September 2 as a private with the 208th Pennsylvania Infantry, and the following day promoted to 2nd lieutenant and assigned duty as mustering officer for the regiment. He was promoted to captain of Co. E to date September 9, 1864, and honorably discharged with his company June 1, 1865.
[54282] George is son of Charles Pye (1788-1855) & Catherine Walters (b. in 1801; m. 25 January 1819 in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada).
[53817] Dorothy is daughter of James Emery West (1881-1919) & Bernice Piper (1890-1972; m. 24 March 1909 in Steuben, Washington Co., ME).