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_John BOLLINGER ______|
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|--Eve BOLLINGER
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|_Anna Nancy STAUFFER _|
(1790 - 1859) |
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[39255] See Find A Grave Memorial 85733392.
[1868] As dowager queen, Fredegonda was regent for her baby son, Clothaire II. "She was a strong and successful ruler. Ambitious, unscrupulous and clever, she had made good use of her twenty years as Chilperic's queen, exerting a strong background influence on the political and military affairs of his kingdom. ...We must infer that she was beautiful; it is clear from all accounts that her sexual allure was irresistible to most men." - "The Birth of France...," Katharine Scherman (NY: Random House, 1987), p. 197. She "was buried with honors at Saint Germains des Pres, beside her husband and his uncles." (p. 200) Fredegonda's role in history is told in the Catholic Encyclopedia at http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06238a.htm in 2003: "The death of Theudebert, in 548, was soon followed by that of his son Theobald, in 555, and by the death of Childebert in 558, Clotaire I, the last of the four brothers, becoming sole heir to the estate of his father, Clovis. Clotaire reduced the Saxons and Bavarians to a state of vassalage, and died in 561 leaving four sons; once more the monarchy was divided, being partitioned in about the same way as on the death of Clovis in 511: Gontran reigned at Orléans, Charibert at Paris, Sigebert at Reims, and Chilperic at Soissons. Charibert's death in 567 and the division of his estate occasioned quarrels between Chilperic and Sigebert, already at odds on account of their wives. Unlike his brothers, who had been satisfied to marry serving-women, Sigebert had won the hand of the beautiful Brunehilde, daughter of Athanagild, King of the Visigoths. Chilperic had followed Sigebert's example by marrying Galeswintha, Brunehilde's sister, but at the instigation of his mistress, Fredegonda, he soon had Galeswintha assassinated and placed Fredegonda upon the throne. Brunehilde's determination to avenge the death of her sister involved in bitter strife not only the two women but their husbands. In 575 Sigebert, who was repeatedly provoked by Chilperic, took the field, resolved to bring the quarrel to a conclusion. Chilperic, already banished from his kingdom, had taken refuge behind the walls of Tournai, whence he had no hope of escape, when, just as Sigebert's soldiers were about to raise him to the throne, he was felled by assassins sent by Fredegonda. Immediately the aspect of affairs changed: Brunehilde, humiliated and taken prisoner, escaped only with the greatest difficulty and after the most thrilling adventures, while Fredegonda and Chilperic exulted in their triumph. The rivalry between the two kingdoms, henceforth known respectively as Austrasia (Kingdom of the East) and Neustria (Kingdom of the West), only grew fiercer. Gontran's kingdom continued to be called Burgundy. First the nobles of Austrasia and then Brunehilde who had become regent, led the campaign against Chilperic, who perished in 584 at the hand of an assassin. The murderer could not be ascertained. During this period of intestine strife, King Gontran was vainly endeavouring to wrest Septimania from the Visigoths, as well as defend himself against the pretender Gondowald, the natural son of Clotaire I, who, aided by the nobles, tried to seize part of the kingdom, but fell in the attempt. When Gontran died in 592, his inheritance passed to Childebert II, son of Sigebert and Brunehilde, and after this king's death in 595 his states were divided between his two sons, Theudebert II taking and Thierry II Burgundy. In 600 and 604 the two brothers united their forces against Clotaire II, son of Chilperic and Fredegonda, and reduced him to the condition of a petty king. Soon, however, jealousy sprang up between the two brothers, they waged war on each other, and Theudebert, twice defeated, was killed. The victorious Thierry was about inflict a like fate on Clotaire II, but died in 613, being still young and undoubtedly the victim of the excesses that had shortened the careers of most of the Merovingian princes. Brunehilde, who, throughout the reigns of her son and grandsons, had been very influential, now assumed the guardianship of her great-grandson, Sigebert II, and the government of the two kingdoms. But the earlier struggle between monarchical absolutism and the independence of the Frankish nobility now broke out with tragic violence. It had long been latent, but the sight of a woman exercising absolute power caused it to break forth with boundless fury. The Austrasian nobles, eager to avenge the sad fate of Thierry, joined with Clotaire II, King of Neustria, who took possession of the Kingdoms of Burgundy and Austrasia. The children of Thierry II were slain. Brunehilde, who fell into the hands of the victor, was tied to the tail of a wild horse and perished (613). She had erred in imposing a despotic government on a people who chafed under government of any kind. Her punishment was a frightful death and the cruel calumnies with which her conquerors blackened her memory. The nobles had triumphed. They dictated to Clotaire II the terms of victory and he accepted them in the celebrated edict of 614, at least a partial capitulation of Frankish royalty to the nobility. The king promised to withdraw his counts from the provinces under his rule, i.e. he was virtually to abandon these parts to the nobles, who were also to have a voice in the selection of the prime minister or "mayor of the palace", as he was then called. He likewise promised to abolish the new taxes and to respect the immunity of the clergy, and not to interfere in the elections of bishops. He had also to continue Austrasia and Neustria as separate governments. Thus ended the conflict between the Frankish aristocracy and the monarchical power; with its close began a new period in the history of the Merovingian monarchy. As time went on royalty had to reckon more and more with the aristocracy. The Merovingian dynasty, traditionally accustomed to absolutism, and incapable of altering its point of view, was gradually deprived of all exercise of authority. In the shadow of the throne the new power continued to grow rapidly, become the successful rival of the royal house, and finally supplanted it. The great power of the aristocracy was vested in the mayor of the palace (major domus), originally the chief of the royal household. During the minority of the Frankish kings he acquired steadily greater importance until he came to share the royal prerogative, and eventually reached the exalted position of prime minister to the sovereign. The indifference of the latter, usually more absorbed in his pleasures than in public affairs, favoured the encroachments of the mayor of the palace", and this office finally became the hereditary right of one family, which was destined to replace the Merovingians and become the national dynasty of the Franks. Such then were the transformations which occurred in the political life of the Franks after the downfall of Brunehilde and during the reign of Clotaire II (614-29). While this king governed Neustria he was obliged, as has been said, to give Austrasia a separate government, his son Dagobert becoming its king, with Arnulf of Metz as councillor and Pepin of Landen as mayor of the palace (623). These two men were the ancestors of the Carolingian family. Arnulf was Bishop of Metz, though resident at court, but in 627 he resigned his episcopal see and retired into monastic solitude at Remiremont, where he died in the odour of sanctity. Pepin, incorrectly called of Landen (since it was only in the twelfth century that the chroniclers of Brabant began to associate him with that locality), was a great lord from Eastern Belgium. With Arnulf he had been at the head of the Austrasian opposition to Brunehilde." See also http://www.auburn.edu/~downejm/sp/llkhhistory.html in 2003 and http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frédégonde.
_John GREENLEAF _____
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_Edmund GREENLEAF _________|_____________________
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_Stephen (Sr.) GREENLEAF _|
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_Stephen (Jr.) GREENLEAF _|
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| | _Nicholas COFFYN ____+
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| | _Tristram COFFIN ____|
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| |_Elizabeth COFFIN ________|
| (1634 - 1678) m 1651 |
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(1654 - 1712) m 1676 |
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| _Richard LOWLE ____________|_Apolyn LEVERSEDGE __
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| _Percival LOWELL ____|
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[16245]
[S297]
Savage, James, "Gen. Dict. of First Settlers...", 2:309
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_Nathaniel GUPTILL __|
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_Robert LEESON ______|
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_Robert LEESON ______|
| (1538 - 1566) m 1546|
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| |_Amy PARGITER _______|
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|_Susan STOTESBURY ___|
(1528 - 1569) m 1546|
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[38811] This person is from the unverified Boivin_M Family Tree in Ancestry.com in 2015.
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_David Lee POTTER ___|
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| _Robert Lee WILT ____|
| | (1918 - 1986) m 1941|
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| | (1880 - 1923) |
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|_Ruth Mabel GREANEY _|
(1923 - 2015) m 1941|
| _John MCKEEHAN ____________+
| | (1798 - 1878) m 1830
| _Charles Nevin MCKEEHAN _|_Anna Margaret LUPFER _____
| | (1855 - 1929) m 1880 (1809 - 1880)
|_Grace Rhoda MCKEEHAN ____|
(1884 - 1964) |
| _Jacob EBY ________________
| | (1829 - 1858) m 1855
|_Ellen S. EBY ___________|_Magdalena Seager BREINER _
(1857 - 1943) m 1880 (.... - 1915)
[7362] living - details excluded
[46188] Joseph is son of Johannes Reber (1768-1844) and Magdalena Rathmacher (1750-1818).