_John (Sr.) ARCHER __+
| (1752 - 1830) m 1778
_Henry Gates ARCHER _|_Elizabeth TUPPER ___
| (1786 - 1867) m 1810 (1758 - 1830)
_John Nye ARCHER ____|
| (1811 - 1860) m 1833|
| | _John NEWCOMB _______+
| | | (1751 - ....) m 1776
| |_Sarah NEWCOMB ______|_Anne CHASE _________
| (1791 - 1860) m 1810 (1754 - 1814)
_Alvin Nye ARCHER __________|
| (1844 - 1923) |
| | _____________________
| | |
| | _John Owen HUGHES ___|_____________________
| | | (1784 - 1882) m 1808
| |_Abigail HUGHES _____|
| (1812 - 1892) m 1833|
| | _Hosea SMITH ________+
| | | (1768 - 1847) m 1791
| |_Abigail SMITH ______|_Abigail HERSEY _____
| (1794 - 1875) m 1808 (1776 - 1851)
_Elmer Edwin ARCHER _|
| (1867 - 1931) m 1887|
| | _____________________
| | |
| | _____________________|_____________________
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| | _____________________|
| | | |
| | | | _____________________
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| | | |_____________________|_____________________
| | |
| |_Sophia Elizabeth RUNNELLS _|
| (1845 - 1923) |
| | _____________________
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| | _____________________|_____________________
| | |
| |_____________________|
| |
| | _____________________
| | |
| |_____________________|_____________________
|
|
|--Beulah ARCHER
| (1894 - 1922)
| _____________________
| |
| _____________________|_____________________
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| | |_____________________|_____________________
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| ____________________________|
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| | |_____________________|
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| | |_____________________|_____________________
| |
|_Abbie A. IRELAND ___|
(1871 - 1952) m 1887|
| _____________________
| |
| _____________________|_____________________
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| _____________________|
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| | |_____________________|_____________________
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|____________________________|
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|_____________________|
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| _____________________
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|_____________________|_____________________
_(?) BRILLHARD ______+
|
_Samuel BRILLHART ___|_____________________
| (1678 - ....) m 1700
_John BRILLHARD _____|
| (1701 - ....) |
| | _____________________
| | |
| |_____________________|_____________________
|
_Peter BRILLHART ____|
| (1726 - 1782) m 1745|
| | _____________________
| | |
| | _John Adam RURIGH ___|_____________________
| | | (.... - 1777)
| |_Marie RARIEGH ______|
| (1704 - 1777) |
| | _____________________
| | |
| |_____________________|_____________________
|
_Jacob BRILLHART ____|
| (1766 - 1811) m 1788|
| | _Christian MEYER ____+
| | |
| | _Hans MEYER _________|_____________________
| | |
| | _John MEYER _________|
| | | |
| | | | _____________________
| | | | |
| | | |_____________________|_____________________
| | |
| |_Mary MEYER _________|
| (.... - 1804) m 1745|
| | _____________________
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| | _____________________|_____________________
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| |_____________________|
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| |_____________________|_____________________
|
|
|--Peter BRILLHART
| (1780 - 1816)
| _____________________
| |
| _____________________|_____________________
| |
| _Christian MEYER ____|
| | m 1710 |
| | | _____________________
| | | |
| | |_____________________|_____________________
| |
| _Jacob MOYER ________|
| | (1707 - 1763) m 1753|
| | | _____________________
| | | |
| | | _____________________|_____________________
| | | |
| | |_Barbara BERGEY _____|
| | (1677 - 1751) m 1710|
| | | _____________________
| | | |
| | |_____________________|_____________________
| |
|_Margaret MYERS _____|
(1753 - 1818) m 1788|
| _____________________
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| _____________________|
| | |
| | | _____________________
| | | |
| | |_____________________|_____________________
| |
|_Elizabeth EBERLE ___|
(1723 - ....) m 1753|
| _____________________
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| _____________________|_____________________
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|_____________________|
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|_____________________|_____________________
John Getz (jgetz@iu.net) shared via email 1 July 1999:
1 Peter Brillhart #3489 b. 1726 Holland d. May/1801 Shrewsbury Twp. York Co. PA - m. 1745 Mary Meyer
2 Jacob Brilhart b. _____ d. 17/Feb/1811
m. Margaret Myers b. 24/Oct/1753 d. 9/Dec/1818
3 Peter Brillhart b. _____ d. 1816 Baltimore, MD - m. Catharine Feiser b. 29/May/1789 York Co. PA d. 23/Oct/1844. Catharine: I have a copy of will of Catharine distributing 150 acres in York Twp. to son John Brillhart. Other children mentioned Jacob, Elizabeth mar. to (Charles Fishel); Mary to (Peter Wolf) and Sarah Brillhart.
4 Elizabeth Brillhart b. 23/Feb/1811 York, York Co. PA d. 6/Jun/1855 - m. 20/Mar/1828 Charles King Fishel b. 18/Apr/1801 d. 10/Jun/1880 York, York Co. PA
5 Sarah Matilda Fishel b. 20/May/1829 d. 18/Sep/1893 - m. William Cronewett b. 1837 d. 1901
5 Melvina Elizabeth Fishel b. 20/Jul/1830 d. 18/Sep/1855 - m. 30/Jan/1855 Michael Bender
6 Ellen Katherine Bender b. _____ d. 16/Nov/1939 Omaha, Nebraska - m. 10/May/1891 home, P.B.Sprenkle, 201 S.George St.,York to Charles Frederick Fahs b. 2/Nov/1853 York, York Co., PA d. ca.1915 York Co. PA . Body of daughter Margaret was exhumed and brought to York, York Co., PA along with Charles and both buried in Prospect Hill Cemetery, York, York Co., PA
7 Marguerite Maria Fahs b. 3/Apr/1892 d. ca.1910
7 Catharine Melvina Fahs b. 7/Oct/1894 d. 29/Sep/1967
5 Anna Maria Elizabeth Fischel b. 13/Oct/1831 Loganville, Springfield Twp. York Co. , PA d. 2/Feb/1872 West Manchester Twp. York Co. PA - m. 18/Jan/1853 First Moravian Church, York, York Co. PA to William Henry Fahs b. 6/Oct/1823 Bottstown, Manchester Twp. York Co. PA d. 13/Jan/1871 West Manchester Twp. York Co. PA. William farmed father's farm, later he purchased 2 farms in Dover Twp. one east of Davidsburg the other west. He died of an enlarged spleen.
6 Charles Frederick Fahs b. 2/Nov/1853 York, York Co. PA d. ca.1915 York Co. PA - m. 10/May/1891 home, P.B.Sprenkle, 201 S.George St., York Ellen Katherine Bender d. 16/Nov/1939 Omaha, Nebraska. Body of daughter Margaret was exhumed and brought to York, York Co. PA along with Charles and both buried in Prospect Hill Cemetery, York, York Co. PA
7 Marguerite Maria Fahs b. 3/Apr/1892 d. ca.1910
7 Catharine Melvina Fahs b. 7/Oct/1894 d. 29/Sep/1967
6 John Augustus Fahs b. 9/Aug/1855 York Co. PA d. 15/Oct/1855 York Co. PA
6 Ellen Elizabeth Fahs b. 8/Dec/1856 York, York Co. PA, d. 29/Feb/1944 home, 437 W. Market St. York, York Co. PA. Inherited the Judge Bonham House where her grandfather Fahs, uncle (Capt) Fahs & aunt Sarah Fahs were at home. She was the tall one. Her brother Charles & sister were short. She made a trip around the world in her 70's, at which time she used an airplane on occasions. When she died many of the family heirlooms, as china from Perry's trip to Japan, passed to the York Historical Society. She was active in many civic organizations. Had a final illness of 1 year. She was a member of the Mite Society of First Moravian Church, York, York Co. PA.
6 Anna Maria Fahs b. 19/Feb/1857 West Manchester Twp. York Co. PA, d. 7/Nov/1942 Dover Twp. York Co. PA - m. 6/Feb/1881 First Moravian Church, York, York Co., PA to Milton Ruby K. Kauffman b. 9/Feb/1854 West Manchester Twp. York Co. PA, d. 2/Jan/1927 Dover Twp. York Co. PA
7 Charles Fahs Kauffman b. 7/Nov/1884 York Co. PA, d. 23/Jul/1978 York Co. PA - m. 30/Nov/1930 Elsie Ruth Appler b. 12/Feb/1891 d. 15/Jun/1967
8 Margery J. Kauffman b. 31/Mar/1931- m. Allen Bruckart b. 18/Oct/1886 York Co. PA d. Dec/1976; m. Harry Aughenbaugh b. 15/Jul/1886 of Manchester, PA d. Jun/1977. Taught school in DE, NY & PA. Attended Linden Hall in Lititiz & graduated at Millersville State Teachers College. Lived in Manchester, were Moravians.
7 Elmer Frederick Kauffman b. 11/Sep/1893 York Co. PA, d. 1/May/1914 Farsita, CO. Graduated at LaCross Teachers College in WI. Taught school at Wasin Business College in the west. Failed during the depression and then became a rancher at Farisita, CO. Died of ruptured appendix. Buried with his parents in the family plot.
7 Clara Elizabeth Kauffman b. 25/Mar/1897 Dover Twp. York Co. PA - m. Charles L. March b. 9/Oct/1897 Wellsville, York Co. PA, d. 14/Jan/1922 Dover Twp. York Co. PA. Graduated from Millersville State Teachers College. Were Moravian. They lived on the old Stickel place near Davidsburg, Dover Twp. York Co. PA
8 Charles Fahs March b. 28/May/1918 - m. Verna Sowers
9 Marcia Ann March b. 9/Feb/1948 - m. Kenneth Firestone
9 David Burnell March
8 Richard Llewylen March b. 21/Dec/1919 d. Jul/1975 - m. Ruth Miller
9 Karen Sue March b. 9/Oct/1945 - m. -*Unknown Ackerman
9 Richard March
8 Donald Francis March b. 15/Jul/1921 York Co. PA, d. ca.1944 in WW II, over Cologne, Germany - m. Annette Roberts b. 22/Sep/1920
9 Barbara March
5 Peter Fishel b. 14/Nov/1833 d. 3/Mar/1899
5 Jacob Brilhart Fishel b. 8/Feb/1835 d. 18/Jan/1878 - m. Sarah Doll
5 Juliana Fishel b. 21/Aug/1836 d. 26/Feb/1915 124 S. Beaver St. York, York Co. PA - m. 20/Jan/1861 112 S. George St. York, York Co. PA to John Landis Sprenkel b. 13/Aug/1832 d. 20/Jan/1861
6 Charles Henry Sprenkel b. 27/May/1861 d. 21/Jun/1921 - m. Mary Brenneman
7 Julia Sprenkel
6 Louise Sprenkel b. 13/Aug/1862 d. 10/Oct/1949 124 S. Beaver St., York, PA
6 Ellen Sprenkel b. 26/Jun/1864 d. 23/Jul/1940 York, York Co. PA
6 John Fishel Sprenkel b. 23/Sep/1866 d. 13/Feb/1915 York, York Co. PA - m. 24/Feb/1892 Camden, Camden Co. NJ to Mary Catharine Graff b. 19/Oct/1869 Abbottstown, Mummerts Mtg. House, PA, d. 7/Sep/1962 York Hospital, York, York Co. PA
7 Charles Wilson Sprenkel b. 22/Sep/1892 124 S. Penn St. York, York Co. PA, d. 12/Jan/1970 - m. Sarah Edna *Unknown
7 John Fishel Sprenkel, Jr. b. 15/Dec/1894 139-145 N. Penn St. York, PA, d. 5/Jun/1978 Pennsylvania - m. Esther Glassich d. 24/Jul/1977
7 Charlotte Elizabeth Sprenkel b. 28/Oct/1896 216 S. Penn St. York, PA, d. 18/Aug/1983 lived in Washington, DC
7 Edward Eyster Sprenkel b. 18/Apr/1899 216 S. Penn St. York, PA, d. 22/Jan/1944 Philadelphia Naval Hosp.Philadelphia, PA - m. 8/Sep/1928 Catharine Jennie Cary b. 3/May/1900 1205 Stratford Ave., Melrose Park, PA d. 2/Feb/1974 Shanee Nursing Home,Winchester, VA. USNR MC, Lt. Cmdr. Died in New Caledonia, WWII
8 Catharine Cary Sprenkle b. 22/Nov/1929 - m. 19/Dec/1959 Bethesda Co. MD Eugene Ernest Lowe
7 Julia Kathryn Sprenkel b. 22/Apr/1901 216 S. Penn St. York, PA - m. Irvin Purnett Hall b. 6/Mar/1892 d. 13/Sep/1969
5 John Michael Fishel b. 14/Feb/1838
5 Rebecca Fishel b. 12/Jul/1840 d. 9/Nov/1895 - m. 4/Apr/1878 Peter Sprenkel
4 John Brillhart
4 Jacob Brillhart
4 Mary Brillhart
4 Sarah Brillhart
2 Christian B. Brillhart b. Feb/1762 d. Jan/1811 York Co. PA - m. Anna Weber b. 16/Feb/1761 d. 20/May/1828
3 John Brillhart b. ca.1786 York Co. PA - m. Catherine Dowe b. ca.1799
4 Peter Brillhart b. 1819 York Co. PA d. 1893 - m. Sarah Utz b. 1817/8 Pennsylvania d. 20/Jan/1873 Lansing, Gratiot Co. MI
5 Elizabeth Brillhart b. 1846 Ohio d. 1930 Lansing, Ingham Co. MI - m. Frederick J. Kleinhenn b. 22/Feb/1850 Tuscarawas Co. OH d. 30/Jan/1912
6 Charles FRANK Kleinhenn b. 23/Nov/1885 Ithaca, Gratiot Co. MI, d. 19/Jan/1922 Lansing, Ingham Co. MI - m. Nellie Maude Sisler b. 23/Sep/1897 Terra Alta, WV, d. 16/Dec/1963 Lansing, Ingham Co. MI
7 Charles MELVIN Kleinhenn b. 29/Jul/1915 Lansing, Ingham Co. MI - m. Colia Genevieve Bohn b. 1/Jan/1920 Hewitt, MN
8 Lois Annette Kleinhenn b. 24/Jan/1949 Anderson, Madison Co. IN - m. Calvin DANNY Lanier b. 2/Jun/1948 Washington, DC
9 Christopher DAVID Lanier b. 21/Sep/1988 Takoma Park, MD
------------------------
For the marriage of Elizabeth Brillhart and Charles Fishel, and the Fishel ancestry, see "A Genealogy and History of the Kauffman-Coffman Families of North America, 1584-1937," Charles Fahs Kauffman (York, PA: Lawrence P. Kauffman, Jr., 1940), p. 186.
[19582]
[S213]
John Getz via email (jgetz@iu.et), 1999 - not verified
[54379] The unverified file 9H11-TD2 in familysearch.org offers: "When Margaret or Peggy Eames was born about 1747, in Marshfield, Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay Colony, British Colonial America, her father, Ebenezer Ames, was 37 and her mother, Margaret Barstow, was 23. She had at least 3 sons and 2 daughters with William Dyer IV."
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|
_Everett C. GRANT ____|
| (1854 - 1930) m 1875 |
| | _____________________
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|
|
|--Owen Wentworth GRANT
| (1896 - 1966)
| _Samuel LEIGHTON ____+
| | (1724 - 1812) m 1955
| _Isaac LEIGHTON _____|_Dorcas BUNKER ______
| | (1763 - 1836) m 1789 (1734 - 1799)
| _Daniel R. LEIGHTON _____|
| | (1799 - 1871) m 1823 |
| | | _____________________
| | | |
| | |_Mary WORCESTER _____|_____________________
| | (1767 - 1844) m 1789
| _William Hillman LEIGHTON _|
| | (1823 - 1871) m 1845 |
| | | _William INGERSOLL __+
| | | | (1753 - 1807)
| | | _William INGERSOLL __|_Elizabeth KNOWLES __
| | | | (1779 - 1858) (1756 - 1810)
| | |_Abigail Wass INGERSOLL _|
| | (1805 - 1842) m 1823 |
| | | _____________________
| | | |
| | |_Susannna Shaw WASS _|_____________________
| | (1786 - 1862)
|_Frances C. LEIGHTON _|
(1856 - 1941) m 1875 |
| _____________________
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| | |_____________________|_____________________
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|_Caroline White CROWLEY ___|
(1822 - 1889) m 1845 |
| _____________________
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|_____________________|_____________________
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_Elisha HORNE _______|
| m 1757 |
| | __
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|--Thomas HORNE
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|_Tamesin RANDAL _____|
(1738 - ....) m 1757|
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[47819] Fred is son of Frank Chadbourne Johnson (1864-1899) & Bertha M. Wallace (1864-1933).
_Sampson LEONARD ____+
| (1544 - 1615) m 1564
_Thomas LEONARD _____________|_Margaret FIENNES ___
| (1577 - 1638) (1540 - 1611)
_James LEONARD ________|
| (1620 - 1691) m 1640 |
| | _____________________
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| |_____________________________|_____________________
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_Thomas LEONARD _____|
| (1641 - 1713) m 1662|
| | _____________________
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| |_Mary Margaret MARTIN _|
| (1619 - 1664) m 1640 |
| | _____________________
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_Elkanah LEONARD ____|
| (1677 - 1714) m 1703|
| | _____________________
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| | _____________________________|_____________________
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| | _George WATSON ________|
| | | (.... - 1689) |
| | | | _____________________
| | | | |
| | | |_____________________________|_____________________
| | |
| |_Mary WATSON ________|
| m 1662 |
| | _James HICKS ________+
| | |
| | _Robert HICKS _______________|_Phebe ALLYN ________
| | | (.... - 1647) m 1610 (1557 - ....)
| |_Phebe HICKS __________|
| (1615 - 1663) |
| | _Edward WINSLOW _____+
| | | (.... - 1620)
| |_Margaret WINSLOW ___________|_Eleanor PELHAM _____
| (1589 - 1665) m 1610 (1564 - ....)
|
|--Simeon LEONARD
| (1709 - 1754)
| _____________________
| |
| _William HODGES _____________|_____________________
| | (1580 - 1639)
| _William HUDGES _______|
| | (1624 - 1654) m 1648 |
| | | _____________________
| | | |
| | |_____________________________|_____________________
| |
| _Henry HODGES _______|
| | (1653 - 1717) m 1674|
| | | _____________________
| | | |
| | | _Henry ANDREWS ______________|_____________________
| | | | (1608 - 1652)
| | |_Mary ANDREWS _________|
| | (1628 - 1700) m 1648 |
| | | _____________________
| | | |
| | |_Mary POOL __________________|_____________________
| | (1611 - 1643)
|_Charity HODGES _____|
(1682 - 1739) m 1703|
| _____________________
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| _John GALLUP ________________|_____________________
| | (1591 - 1650)
| _John GALLUP __________|
| | (1619 - 1675) m 1643 |
| | | _____________________
| | | |
| | |_Christobel Crabbe BRUSHETT _|_____________________
| | (.... - 1655)
|_Esther GALLUP ______|
(1653 - 1712) m 1674|
| _John LAKE __________+
| | (1565 - 1612) m 1590
| _John LAKE __________________|_Elizabeth SANDELL __
| | (1590 - 1657) (1570 - 1616)
|_Hannah Anna LAKE _____|
(1621 - 1675) m 1643 |
| _Edmund READE _______
| | (1563 - 1623) m 1592
|_Margaret READE _____________|_Elizabeth COOKE ____
(1597 - 1672) (1578 - 1638)
______ DE OGLE ______
| (1055 - 1125)
_Humphrey DE OGLE ___|_____________________
| (1085 - 1155)
_Gilbert DE OGLE ____|
| (1115 - 1180) |
| | _____________________
| | |
| |_____________________|_____________________
|
_Richard OGLE _______|
| (.... - 1252) |
| | _____________________
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_Sir Thomas OGLE ____|
| (1219 - 1270) |
| | _____________________
| | |
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| |_____________________|_____________________
|
|
|--Sir John OGLE
| (1264 - 1316)
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[1371] Seee http://oglekin.org/Ahnentafel/Chart-uk/geneuk01.htm.
[61600]
[S1]
LDS IGI - not verified
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_James (Jacobus) ROOSEVELT _|
| (1760 - 1847) m 1786 |
| | _______________________
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_Isaac Daniel ROOSEVELT __|
| (1790 - 1863) m 1827 |
| | _______________________
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| | ____________________________|_______________________
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| |_Maria Eliza WALTON ________|
| (1769 - 1810) m 1786 |
| | _______________________
| | |
| |____________________________|_______________________
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_James ROOSEVELT ____|
| (1828 - 1900) m 1880|
| | _______________________
| | |
| | _John ASPINWALL ____________|_______________________
| | | (.... - 1774) m 1766
| | _John ASPINWALL ____________|
| | | (1774 - 1847) m 1803 |
| | | | _William Henry SMITH __+
| | | | | (1708 - 1776) m 1732
| | | |_Rebecca SMITH _____________|_Margaret LLOYD _______
| | | (.... - 1809) m 1766 (1713 - 1756)
| |_Mary Rebecca ASPINWALL __|
| (1809 - 1886) m 1827 |
| | _Nathaniel HOWLAND ____+
| | | (1705 - 1766) m 1739
| | _Joseph HOWLAND ____________|_Abigail BURT _________
| | | (1749 - 1836) m 1772 (1718 - 1766)
| |_Susan HOWLAND _____________|
| (1779 - 1852) m 1803 |
| | _Ephraim BILL _________
| | | (1719 - 1802) m 1746
| |_Lydia BILL ________________|_Lydia HUNTINGTON _____
| (1753 - 1838) m 1772 (1727 - 1798)
|
|--Franklin Delano ROOSEVELT
| (1882 - 1945)
| _______________________
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| |
| _Warren DELANO ___________|
| | (1809 - 1898) m 1843 |
| | | _______________________
| | | |
| | | ____________________________|_______________________
| | | |
| | |____________________________|
| | |
| | | _______________________
| | | |
| | |____________________________|_______________________
| |
|_Sara DELANO ________|
(1855 - 1941) m 1880|
| _Joseph LYMAN _________+
| | (1699 - 1763)
| _Joseph LYMAN ______________|_Abigail LEWIS ________
| | (1731 - 1804) (1701 - 1776)
| _Joseph (III) LYMAN ________|
| | (1767 - 1847) m 1811 |
| | | _______________________
| | | |
| | |_Mary SHELDON ______________|_______________________
| | (1733 - 1805)
|_Catherine Robbins LYMAN _|
(1825 - 1896) m 1843 |
| _Nathaniel ROBBINS ____
| | (1726 - 1795)
| _Edward Hutchinson ROBBINS _|_Elizabeth HUTCHINSON _
| | (1758 - 1837) m 1785 (1731 - 1793)
|_Anne Jean ROBBINS _________|
(1789 - 1867) m 1811 |
| _James MURRAY _________+
| | (1713 - 1781)
|_Elizabeth MURRAY __________|_Barbara BENNET _______
(1756 - 1837) m 1785 (1724 - 1758)
Roosevelt was elected for an unprecedented four terms, he was one of the
20th century's most skillful political leaders. His New Deal program, a
response to the Great Depression, utilized the federal government as an
instrument of social and economic change in contrast to its traditionally
passive role. Then, in World War II, he led the Allies in their defeat of
the Axis powers.
His father, a semiretired railway executive, was a cousin of Theodore
Roosevelt, the 26th president of the U.S. Although they were not wealthy
by late 19th-century standards, the Roosevelts of Hyde Park led a
comfortable, gracious existence, and young Franklin's life was sheltered;
he was educated by governesses and indulged by his father. A handsome
youth, he was an excellent athlete, expert at boating and swimming, and he
also collected stamps, birds, and ship models -- hobbies that he pursued
all his life.
His formal education began at the Groton School in Massachusetts, where
the headmaster, Endicott Peabody (1857-1944), stressed to his wealthy
young students their obligation toward those who were less fortunate in
society. After graduation from Harvard University in 1904, Roosevelt
attended Columbia University Law School without taking a degree and was
admitted to the New York State bar in 1907. Despite his widowed mother's
objections, he married a distant cousin, in a gala society wedding at
which President Theodore Roosevelt gave the bride away.
Franklin Roosevelt's political career began with his election to the New
York State Senate as a Democrat in 1910. He quickly gained the national
limelight as the leader of an upstate coalition that fought the influence
of New York City's Democratic machine. His support of Woodrow Wilson's
candidacy as the Democratic presidential nominee in 1912 resulted in his
appointment to the post of assistant secretary of the navy, which he held
during World War I. James M. Cox of Ohio, the party's 1920 nominee for the
presidency, chose Roosevelt as his running mate because of his family
name, but the Cox-Roosevelt ticket proved to be no match for the
Republicans under Warren G. Harding.
Roosevelt faced the greatest personal crisis of his life when he was
stricken by poliomyelitis at his Canadian summer home on Campobello
Island, New Brunswick, in 1921. He veiled his deep physical agony with a
cheerful demeanor and rejected his mother's advice that he abandon
politics and become a country squire at Hyde Park. Encouraged by Eleanor
and his dedicated political mentor, Louis McHenry Howe (1871-1936), he
resumed his career by nominating Alfred E. Smith for the presidency at the
Democratic convention in 1924 and again in 1928, when Smith won the
party's nomination. The Democratic party of the 1920s was deeply divided
between Protestant, rural voters, who favored Prohibition, and urban Roman
Catholics, who opposed it. Anxious to win the New York State electoral
vote, Smith persuaded Roosevelt to campaign for the governorship, given
the latter's strong upstate appeal. Roosevelt, deeply in debt and disabled
by polio, won a narrow victory, while Smith was defeated by Herbert
Hoover.
During two terms as governor of New York (1928-32), Roosevelt established
a reputation as a reforming progressive in the Theodore Roosevelt
tradition and as a champion of relief for impoverished upstate farmers.
His greatest struggle -- for control of the Saint Lawrence River
waterpower resource by the state rather than private utilities -- aimed at
providing cheaper electricity for the rural consumer. With the outbreak of
the Great Depression, he identified himself with the urban relief cause by
appointing Harry Hopkins to head the Temporary Emergency Relief
Administration. As the depression deepened, he assembled the "Brains
Trust," a group of faculty members from Columbia University, to formulate
with him a comprehensive program for resolving the economic collapse that
had begun in 1929. With the aid of a progressive-southern Democratic
coalition in 1932, Roosevelt won the party's presidential nomination, then
easily defeated Hoover in the national election.
Roosevelt's promise of "a new deal for the American people" foreshadowed a
revolutionary extension of federal power into the nation's everyday life.
His first three months in office, known as the Hundred Days, were marked
by innovative legislation originating in the executive branch. In a period
of massive unemployment (25 percent of the work force), a collapsed stock
market, thousands of bank closings for lack of liquidity, and agricultural
prices that had fallen below the cost of production, Congress, at
Roosevelt's request, passed a series of emergency measures calculated to
provide liquidity for banking institutions and relief for the individual
and to prevent business bankruptcy. Further, abandonment of the gold
standard in 1933 had the effect of devaluating the dollar in international
markets.
In addition to relief measures, such as creation of the Works Progress
Administration under the direction of Harry Hopkins, the New Deal aimed at
long-range economic solutions to problems stemming from World War I. The
farm depression, a result of overproduction, had begun in 1921 and sent
millions to the cities during the 1920s; Roosevelt regarded it as the root
cause of the economic collapse of the late 1920s. He responded with a
broad agricultural program framed by the Agricultural Adjustment Acts of
1933 and 1938. This legislation introduced production controls for certain
basic commodities, including corn, cotton, wheat, tobacco, and hogs, in
order to create a balance between supply and demand; it promoted
reforestation and conservation and provided subsidy payments for curtailed
planting; and it utilized the concept of an ever-normal granary, balancing
crop surplus against lean years. Creation of the Tennessee Valley
Authority in 1933 benefited one of the nation's most impoverished areas.
This multipurpose development included federal construction of dams to
harness cheap hydroelectric power, water management, improvement of
farming techniques and river navigation, and the construction of hospitals
and schools. New industries attracted by cheap electricity and labor
diversified the southern economy.
Although Roosevelt's ties to the city and organized labor were never
strong, many New Deal measures alienated the business community at the
same time they attracted the urban minorities and the labor movement into
the orbit of the Democratic party. The National Industrial Recovery Act
(NIRA, 1933) began as an industrial stabilization scheme designed to
eliminate cutthroat practices and maintain prices. Section 7a of the law,
which promoted labor unionization, alienated conservative businesspeople,
however. Strict securities-issuance and stock exchange regulation,
enforced by a newly created Securities and Exchange Commission,
intensified business opposition. Benefits provided by the Social Security
Act, by unemployment insurance legislation, and by the Fair Labor
Standards Act of 1938 attracted workers' support. In 1935 and 1936 the
traditional-minded U.S. Supreme Court struck at key New Deal measures by
declaring provisions of both the NIRA and the Agricultural Adjustment Act
unconstitutional.
After winning a resounding victory over Alfred M. Landon in the 1936
presidential election, Roosevelt tried to neutralize the Court by
proposing the appointment of new justices, but Congress rejected this
"court-packing" plan in 1937. In the ensuing years a congressional
coalition of conservative Republicans and Democrats, fearful of growing
federal spending in the 1937-38 depression and anxious to curtail
expansion of federal power into areas traditionally reserved to the
states, checked the New Deal's momentum. The imminence of war in Europe,
followed by U.S. involvement, drew attention away from the president's
domestic defeats and made possible his victories over Republican
candidates Wendell L. Willkie in 1940 and Thomas E. Dewey in 1944.
Roosevelt was a pragmatist in his diplomatic views in the interwar period.
Although he had been a supporter of Woodrow Wilson, he abandoned Wilson's
internationalist ideas when the country turned to isolationism in the
1920s. Then, in the late 1930s, spurred by Adolf Hitler's aggression in
Europe and Japanese expansionism in the Pacific, Roosevelt moved the
United States back toward engagement in world affairs. He was restrained,
however, by the persistence of strong isolationist sentiment among the
voters and by congressional passage of a series of neutrality laws
intended to prevent American involvement in a second world war. Roosevelt
won the contest when, alarmed by Germany's defeat of France in 1940,
Congress passed his lend-lease legislation to help Great Britain's
continued resistance to the Germans. The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor
on December 7, 1941, brought the United States into the worldwide contest
on the side of Britain and the Soviet Union.
Roosevelt framed his diplomatic objectives as wartime leader in a series
of wartime conferences. In collaboration with Winston Churchill he
explained Anglo-American war aims in August 1941 in the form of the
Atlantic Charter. It denied territorial ambitions, favored self-government
and liberal international trade arrangements, and pledged freedom from
want and permanent security against aggression. At Casablanca, Morocco, in
January 1943, Roosevelt and Churchill insisted on Germany's unconditional
surrender as a means of preventing the enemy's future military resurgence.
The Québec Conference (August 1943) planned the Normandy invasion. At
Moscow (October 1943) the Allied foreign ministers approved in principle a
postwar organization for world security. Military strategy and the problem
of postwar Germany came under discussion at Cairo (November-December 1943)
and Québec (September 1944). Finally, at Yalta in the USSR (February
1945), Roosevelt, Churchill, and Joseph Stalin broached their plans for a
postwar world. In the process, Roosevelt pressed for admission of China to
the Allied councils as a major power, liberalization of international
trade as a means of preventing future wars, and creation of a United
Nations organization as a mechanism for preserving peace. He did not,
however, see the end of the war. He died of a cerebral hemorrhage.
Roosevelt's vision of a peaceful and stable postwar world foundered on
national ambition. Although he bypassed Churchill and a weakened Great
Britain to deal with Stalin at Yalta, it became apparent on the eve of his
death that Soviet ambitions included the occupation of eastern and central
Europe. His faith in the ability of the UN to keep the peace through the
collaboration of the former wartime Allies proved unworkable in the era of
the cold war.
An Ahnentafel for him is found on the Web in April, 2000 at
http://www.rootsweb.com/~rwguide/presidents/prez32.htm